{"id":32200,"date":"2021-01-22T04:10:37","date_gmt":"2021-01-22T04:10:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sciencesensei.com\/?p=32200"},"modified":"2024-03-27T12:54:53","modified_gmt":"2024-03-27T16:54:53","slug":"extreme-weather-phenomena-on-other-planets","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.sciencesensei.com\/extreme-weather-phenomena-on-other-planets\/","title":{"rendered":"Extreme Weather Phenomena on Other Planets\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"

Seven of the eight planets in the solar system are circled by atmospheres. They also surround some of the larger moons, including Saturn’s moon Titan and even Pluto, a Kuiper Belt object. On Earth, the weather impacts all of our lives and activities. The weather is determined by the motion and state of the atmosphere. It can change hour-to-hour or day-to-day. Some people confuse weather and climate as being interchangeable. However, unlike the weather, climate refers to an area’s average conditions over a longer period. Climate doesn’t change day-to-day but rather over decades to millions of years. <\/span><\/p>\n

Each planet has unique weather patterns. You may be wondering: what drives the weather?<\/em> The energy supply that powers the most weather on Venus, Earth, and Mars is light from the sun. Over the year, each planet’s regions near the equator are heated more than the poles. The atmosphere moves in response to this unequal heating, transporting the heat from warmer to cooler areas. These specific motions are reflected in the high and low-pressure weather systems that move across the middle latitudes. <\/span><\/p>\n

In shorter terms, the weather is solar-powered. <\/span>Two critical influences can alter the response of an atmosphere to this heating. The first influence is gravity, which prevents the atmosphere from quickly escaping to space and forms layers within the atmosphere. The second influence is the rotation of the planet. The rotation can deflect winds. Read on to find out about some of the most extreme weather patterns on other planets. <\/span><\/p>\n

The most familiar weather in the solar system is on Saturn’s largest moon, Titan. Photo Credit: Dotted Yeti\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
20. Titan experiences seasons, has clouds that rain, and has an atmosphere composed mainly of nitrogen, just like ours. <\/span><\/h2>\n
Titan is Saturn’s largest moon<\/a> and the second-largest moon in the solar system after Jupiter’s moon Ganymede. It is one of the most unique moons in the solar system. Titan is covered in thick, hazy clouds. Saturn’s largest moon’s dense atmosphere is home to many lakes, rivers, and even glaciers. You might be surprised to learn that similar to places on Earth, it also rains and snows on Titan. However, it is crucial to recognize that while the weather and even climate have similarities to Earth, they couldn’t be more different. On Earth, rain and snow are primarily composed of water.<\/span><\/p>\n
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3D animation of Saturn and its moon Titan rotating in dark outer space. Photo Credit: Frame Stock Footage\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Titan is significantly different in that the mixture is mostly made up of methane. Also mixed in are a little ethane and propane. This methane cycle on Titan falls from the clouds straight into the lakes, rivers, and seas. While we have methane on Earth, it is in gas form rather than a liquid state. On Titan, to freeze the methane out of the clouds, it must be colder than -296.5 degrees Fahrenheit. This extreme weather pattern makes Titan look a little less vacation-friendly. You may also be shocked to learn that hundreds of times more natural gas and hydrocarbon fuel on Titan than on the entire Earth. <\/span><\/p>\n
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Mars has a pattern of seasons that are incredibly similar to those on Earth. However, the surface pressure of Mars is over one hundred times lower. Photo Credit: Anterovium\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
19. Mars’ famous dust storms can last for months.<\/span><\/h2>\n
The understanding of Mars’s atmosphere remains a mystery. However, there is plenty of bizarre weather that occurs on the planet. Mars is farther from the Sun than Earth is, and the air on Mars is extremely thin. In the daytime, summer temperatures only get up to about 80 degrees Fahrenheit. The temperature at night can drop to almost negative 200 degrees Fahrenheit. The cause of this drastic swing from warm to cold is that the air on Mars is mostly made up of carbon dioxide.<\/span><\/p>\n
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*This artist’s concept illustrates a Martian dust storm, which might also crackle with electricity. Photo Credit: NASA<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*In comparison to Earth, the air on Mars is extremely thin. In fact, it is so thin that the heat from the daytime Sun escapes into space at night. Also, the thin air can kick up a huge dust storm. The massive dust storms can encompass the entire planet over a few days. Despite many hopes of astronomers in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Mars is not an inhabitable planet. The dust storms<\/a> have been known to last for weeks or months. Smaller wind patterns also work to kick up dust devils, also known as desert tornadoes. Mars also has poles that are covered in ice caps, which creates intense snowstorms. While the snow on Earth is made of frozen water, the snow on Mars is made from frozen carbon dioxide, also referred to as dry ice. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*Uranus contains clouds of methane ice in their cold atmosphere. It is unique in that Uranus lies almost entirely on its side. Photo Credit: buradaki\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*18. Uranus’s unique rotating axis creates an unusual pattern of seasons over its long year. <\/span><\/h2>\n
As the coldest planet in the solar system, Uranus reaches temperatures of -371 degrees Fahrenheit. That is partially due to its severe tilt with its north pole facing the sun. While the north pole faces the sun, the other pole is in an extended period of darkness. Uranus might appear like a planet with minimal activity on the outside, but it has an extreme weather system in reality. A telescope from Earth has spotted massive hurricanes brewing on Uranus. Due to its extreme tilt<\/a>, seasonal variations are intense when the planet’s dark side comes out of its 40 plus year slumber. The frozen atmosphere heats up dramatically, causing violent storms.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Uranus planet and rising sun in space. Photo Credit: 42videography\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Interestingly, Uranus is still warmer at its equator than the poles, even though the poles receive direct sunlight with a low sun angle. Unlike other gas planets, Uranus does not radiate more heat than it gets. That indicates the world may have a cold interior due to its lack of an internal heat source. In the summer and winter, parts of the planet see nothing but daytime or nighttime for the whole season, approximately 21 years. In the spring and fall, Uranus goes through the full day-to-night cycle every 17 hours. The planet’s tilt has long been questioned. However, scientists theorize that it occurred due to a massive collision. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*One of the most fascinating features of Venus is how slowly it rotates. It takes Venus 243 Earth days to turn once. Photo Credit: Dotted Yeti\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*17. The rain on Venus is almost entirely sulfuric acid.<\/span><\/h2>\n
The sulfuric acid<\/a> on Venus is extremely corrosive. Venus holds the record for the hottest surface in comparison to all other planets. That is due to its super-thick atmosphere that is composed mostly of carbon dioxide. The thick atmosphere and clouds of sulfuric acid act as a greenhouse and trap more of the sun’s radiation, allowing it to reach incredibly high temperatures. The clouds on Venus are about the same pressure and temperature as those on Earth but are largely made from concentrated sulfuric acid. The extreme sulfuric rain weather pattern is so intense that it can erode items almost instantly and produce severe flesh burns in an instant.<\/span><\/p>\n
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SDO satellite captures an ultra-high definition image of the Transit of Venus across the face of the sun on June 5, 2012, from space. Photo Credit: SDO\/NASA<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
There is minimal water in the atmosphere because the surface temperature is so high that the rain evaporates before hitting the ground. If Venus ever had oceans, they would have long since evaporated. No evidence remains on the surface. It is now covered with lava flows and huge faults and fractures. The east and west winds at the height of the clouds on Venus rotate once around the planet roughly every four days. The super-rotation phenomenon is best explained by complicated interactions with wave-like features feeding momentum into the large super-rotating jet. The runaway greenhouse effect means that temperatures are over 460 degrees Celsius, which is hot enough to melt lead. <\/span><\/p>\n
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Decades ago, scientists theorized that there might be life living in an ocean beneath the icy surface of Jupiter’s moon, Europa. Photo Credit: Jurik Peter\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
16. Jupiter’s moon, Europa, has a surface that is mostly water ice. <\/span><\/h2>\n
While it is known that the surface of Europa is made of mostly ice, they also have strong evidence to suggest that there is an ocean of liquid water or slushy ice<\/a> beneath the icy crust. The ground-based telescopes on Earth, along with a spacecraft and space telescope, have enhanced their confidence for a Europan ocean. Scientists believe that Europa’s ice shell is between 10 and 15 miles thick and floating on a sea 40 to 100 miles deep. Although Europa is only a quarter of Earth’s diameter, its ocean may contain twice as much water as all of Earth’s oceans combined. The vast and deep sea is thought to be one of the most promising places to look for life beyond Earth.<\/span><\/p>\n
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An illustration of salty ocean water spraying from the icy crust of Jupiter’s moon Europa. Photo Credit: NASA<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
As recently as last year, a research team led by NASA communicated that they had detected water vapor for the first time about Europa’s surface. Long, linear fractures crisscross Europa’s water and ice surface. Based on a small number of visible craters, the moon’s surface appears to be no more than 40 to 90 million years old. While that may seem extremely old, it is relatively youthful in geologic terms. Along the many fractures is a reddish-brown material containing salts and sulfur compounds mixed with water ice and modified by radiation. Europa orbits Jupiter every three-and-a-half days and is locked by gravity to Jupiter. Although the moon is covered in ice, Europa has mild seasons in comparison to other planets.<\/span><\/p>\n
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*There is a giant, blue marble alien planet that is 63 lightyears away from Earth. Photo Credit: NASA images\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*15. The blue color of this “blue alien planet” likely comes from molten glass rain. <\/span><\/h2>\n
The super-hot glass rain is just one of the consequences of the closeness between the gas giant alien planet and its sun. The proximity causes daytime temperatures to rise as high as 1,700 degrees Fahrenheit. The blue alien planet, also referred to as HD189733b, has an outer atmosphere that is far larger than one might expect. Although the blue color can appear unique and intriguing, this planet is anything but that. According to NASA, the blue gas giant has a terrible wind that is seven times the speed of sound. The wind speeds can blow up to 5,400 miles per hour and whip potential travelers in a sickening spiral around the planet.<\/span><\/p>\n
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This illustration shows HD 189733b, a huge gas giant that orbits very close to its host star HD 189733. The planet’s atmosphere is scorching with a temperature of over 1000 degrees Celsius, and it rains glass, sideways, in howling 7000 kilometer-per-hour winds. Image released July 11, 2013. Photo Credit: NASA, ESA\/M. Kornmesser<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
The alien world rains glass<\/a> sideways in the howling winds. This terrifying experience would cut anything in its path. Earth appears blue because the oceans absorb red and green wavelengths more strongly than the blue ones. In turn, it reflects the blue hues of the sky. The cobalt blue color doesn’t come from the reflection of a tropical ocean. Instead, it comes from a hazy, blow-torched atmosphere that contains high clouds laced with silicate particles, which scatter blue light. It presented a favorable case for these kinds of measurements as it belongs to a class of planets known as hot Jupiters. This group of massive planets is similar in size to the gas giants in the Solar System, but instead, lie close to their parent stars. <\/span><\/p>\n
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Despite its significant size, Jupiter rotates quite quickly. Each day is less than 10 hours long and is home to a variety of jets and vortices. Photo Credit: berni0004\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
14. Jupiter’s east and west jets have created the planet’s banded appearance. <\/span><\/h2>\n
Wind speeds on Jupiter can reach incredible speeds, with the swirling clouds giving the planet its beautiful appearance. The high, white clouds consist of ammonia crystals, while the darker ones are water-ice clouds that are deeper. Covered by various chemicals, the clouds are brought up from the deeper atmosphere and react with the sunlight. A combination of white and colored spots appears within the jet pattern. The result is storms that can persist for many years. The banded structure created from the jet streams breaks down near the poles, where the impeccable pattern of vortices has recently been revealed by NASA spacecraft. Whereas the jet streams on Earth can vary with only one or two, on average, in each hemisphere, Jupiter can have at least 30. Reaching speeds up to 300 miles per hour, the 30 jet streams rip across the planet in opposite directions.<\/span><\/p>\n
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This view of Jupiter’s atmosphere from NASA’s Juno spacecraft includes something remarkable: two storms caught in the act of merging. Photo Credit: NASA\/JPL-Caltech\/SwRI\/MSSSImage<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Jupiter also rotates differentially, meaning that the equator moves at a different speed compared to the poles. The planet’s jet streams<\/a> can reach approximately 3,000 km down. The differentially rotating jet-stream layer contains about one percent of the planet’s total mass. <\/span>Below the jet stream layer, the world appears to turn more like a solid ball. Jupiter’s weather layer, which is the part where sunlight is absorbed and clouds form, is only about 100 km deep. However, the atmospheric flows below the familiar light zones, and the dark belts go 30 times deeper. That supports the long-standing theory that Jupiter’s interior contains jet streams that form a series of nested cylinders. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*Neptune is the eighth and farthest planet from the sun. Photo Credit: Dotted Yeti\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*13. Neptune has the strongest winds in the solar system, with speeds exceeding 1,100 miles per hour.<\/span><\/h2>\n
Details from NASA’s Voyager 2 spacecraft made the first and only close-up observations of Neptune. The detailed images showed bright, white clouds and two storms that were ravaging the planet’s atmosphere. Neptune is a gas giant that is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. Methane gas makes up only one or two percent of the atmosphere. On Earth, the sun’s energy is what drives the winds. However, Neptune is about 30 times farther away from the sun than we are. The gap between Neptune and its parent star is a shocking two billion miles wide. With that information, you might assume that the planet should have weak or nonexistent winds. However, the opposite is that reality reflects on the mysterious composition of this truly alien planet.<\/span><\/p>\n
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*Jet streams on the planet Neptune. Credit: Yohai Kaspi\/Weizmann Institute of Science\/NASA<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*The significant components of Neptune are heavier elements. Beneath a sparse outer layer of helium, hydrogen, and methane, Neptune has a thick mantle. This layer is loaded with slushy ice and a combination of ammonia and methane. Neptune, similar to Jupiter and Saturn, emits more energy than it receives from the sun. Even with that taken into consideration, Neptune is considered the solar system’s coldest planet. In addition to its incredible winds<\/a>, Neptune is home to many storms that appear in darker regions. The storms, such as the Great Dark Spot, can grow larger than planet Earth. They can also last years to a decade. <\/span><\/p>\n
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Dust storms on Mars can cover the entire planet. The smaller wind patterns can also kick up what is referred to as dust devils or desert tornadoes. Photo Credit: Jurik Peter\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
12. Massive dust tornadoes can quickly take over the entire planet of Mars. <\/span><\/h2>\n
Dust devils on Mars<\/a> form in the same way that they do in deserts on Earth. You need intense surface heating so that the ground can get hotter than the air above it. The heated, less dense air close to the ground rises and punches the layer of cooler, dense air above. The result is rising plumes of hot air and falling plumes of cool air that circulate vertically in convection cells. If a horizontal wind gust happens to blow through, the convection cells are then turned on their sides and begin spinning horizontally. That forms vertical columns and starts a dust devil. The hot air that rises through the center of the column powers over the whirling air fast enough to pick up sand. The sand that lays on the ground then dislodges the flour-fine dust, and the column of hot air rising transmits that dust all around.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Dust tornadoes on Mars can cover the entire planet. The smaller wind patterns can also kick up what is referred to as dust devils or desert tornadoes. Photo Credit: Jurik Peter\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Once the horizontal winds begin pushing the dust devil across the ground, you will want to watch out! Actual dust devils have been photographed from orbit. The dust devils gain their charge from grains of sand and dust rubbing together in the whirlwind. When specific materials rub together, one material gives up some of its electrons to the other material. Since the rising central column of hot air that powers the dust devil carries the negatively-charged dust upward and leaves the heavier positively-charged sand swirling near the base, the charges get separated, creating an electric field. The dust devils are so large that they have been said to be responsible for throwing so much dust into the Martian atmosphere that it might be carrying negative charges high up into the atmosphere as well. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*Although Venus’s surface is similar to that of a red-hot furnace, snow has been discovered on the planet. Photo Credit: MattL_Images\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*11. Scientists have discovered a cold region on Venus that can turn carbon dioxide into ice or snow.<\/span><\/h2>\n
The surface of Venus can get extremely hot. However, the conditions at an extremely high altitude have different climates and weather patterns. There has been revealed to be a very frigid layer that has a temperature of negative 283 degrees Fahrenheit. The unexpected cold layer is far colder than any part of Earth’s atmosphere, even though Venus is much closer to the sun. The discovery was uncovered by studying light from the sun as it passed through the atmosphere, revealing the concentration of carbon dioxide gas molecules at various altitudes along the terminator. The terminator is the dividing line between the night and day sides of the planet. With their extensive knowledge about the concentration of carbon dioxide and information on atmospheric pressure at each height, scientists could calculate the corresponding temperatures.<\/span><\/p>\n
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*The cloudy surface of planet Venus. Photo Credit: Aphelleon\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*Since the temperatures at some of the heights go below the freezing temperatures of carbon dioxide, which is the main constituent of the atmosphere, carbon dioxide ice might form<\/a>. <\/span>The formation of carbon dioxide ice could result in the construction of clouds of ice or snow particles. The information also showed that the cold layer above the terminator is situated between two warm layers. The temperature profiles on the day and night sides are incredibly different, but because the terminator is caught in the middle, it is impacted by both sides. The night side might play a more significant role at one altitude and the dayside at other altitudes. This situation is unique to Venus. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*Mars can be viewed as a harsh, cold world. The temperature on Mars is much colder than on Earth. Photo Credit: Jurik Peter\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*10. Mars is a small, barren planet with a thin atmosphere composed of 95 percent carbon dioxide. <\/span><\/h2>\n
The atmosphere on Mars is 100 times thinner than Earth’s<\/a>. Without a thermal blanket, Mars is unable to retain any heat energy. On average, the temperature on Mars is roughly negative 80 degrees Fahrenheit. In the winter, the temperatures can get down to minus 195 degrees Fahrenheit near the poles. However, on a summer day, the temperatures might get up to 70 degrees Fahrenheit. At night, the temperature can drop down to a shocking minus 100 degrees Fahrenheit. <\/span>Frost forms on the rocks at night. However, as dawn approaches and the air gets warmer, the frost turns to vapor. There is a shocking 100 percent humidity until it evaporates.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Mars’ surface atmosphere. Photo Credit: Stockbym\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
The high humidity can make Mars more habitable if the water condenses to form short-term puddles in the early morning hours. The moisture levels of Mars is tied to temperature fluctuations. At night the relative humidity levels can rise to 80 to 100 percent, with the air sometimes reaching atmospheric saturation. However, the daytime air is far drier due to the water temperatures. <\/span>Similar to Earth, Mars has four seasons because the planet tilts on its axis. The seasons do vary in length because of the planet’s orbit around the sun. In the northern hemisphere, spring is the longest season at seven months. Summer and fall are both around six months, and winter is a mere four months long. During a Martian summer, the polar ice cap, composed mainly of carbon dioxide ice, shrinks and may disappear altogether. When winter comes, the ice cap grows back. There may even be some liquid water trapped beneath the carbon dioxide ice sheets. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*Corot-7b is a rocky planet that is significantly different from Earth. Photo Credit: Johan Swanepoel\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*9. Corot-7b is hot enough to melt rock and pebbles rain into the lakes of molten lava below.<\/span><\/h2>\n
The unusual rocky world was the first planet that was found orbiting around the start Corot-7. The Corot-7b is less than twice the size of Earth and only five times its mass. This object’s only atmosphere is produced from vapor from hot molten silicates in a lava lake or lava ocean. The star-facing side has a temperature of about 4,220 degrees Fahrenheit. That’s hot enough to vaporize rocks<\/a>. The global average temperature of Earth is only 59 degrees Fahrenheit. <\/span>The side in perpetual shadow is incredibly chilly at negative 369 degrees Fahrenheit.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Artist’s impression of CoRoT-7b. Photo Credit: L. Calçada\/ESO<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Sodium, potassium, silicon monoxide, and oxygen make up most of the atmosphere. However, there are also smaller amounts of other elements found in silicate rock. That includes magnesium, aluminum, calcium, and iron. Oxygen is the most abundant element in stone, but you end up producing more oxygen when you vaporize rock. <\/span>The peculiar atmosphere has its singular weather. As you go higher, the atmosphere gets cooler. Eventually, you will become saturated with different rock types in the same way you get saturated with water in Earth’s atmosphere. However, instead of a water cloud forming and then raining water droplets, there is a rock cloud that forms, and it starts to rain little pebbles of different types of rock. Even more interestingly, the kind of rock condensing out of the cloud depends on the altitude. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*Triton is a moon slightly smaller than Earth’s moon. It has been said to be geologically active. Photo Credit: Dotted Yeti\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*8. Triton, Neptune’s bizarre moon, have active ice volcanoes that spew frozen nitrogen and methane.<\/span><\/h2>\n
Triton’s surface<\/a> is full of large and small volcanos that regularly erupt in the solar system. Triton’s icy surface’s first detailed images said that cryogenic volcanism, which occurs at super cold temperatures, is the most reasonable explanation for the dark plumes. The active ice volcanoes are said to be as high as 20 miles. The discovery of the ice volcanoes is shocking because Triton was believed to be a dead moon. Triton is so cold that its volcanic activity is driven by fluid ice and compounds such as nitrogen, changing from a solid to a liquid to a gas. The moon’s volcanism is exceptionally similar to that on Earth except that it is icy.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Artistic rendering of Ice volcanoes on Triton. Photo Credit: SciencePhoto\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
The volcanoes on Triton appear to be a gentler version of the volcanoes on Earth. The frozen nitrogen and methane that spew out of Triton’s volcanoes are caught in the moon’s light winds and are gently deposited in a path up to 45 miles away from the vents – which can be up to two miles in diameter. The gas quickly refreezes as crystals that likely form a mushroom cloud that is caught in Triton’s thin atmosphere and deposited downwind. The atmospheric haze that the spacecraft discovered above Triton may have been produced by volcanic eruptions. The driving force behind Triton’s volcanoes appears to be nitrogen. If the temperature below the surface of Triton warms up by less than 20 degrees, the liquid nitrogen explodes into a gas that erupts through the surface with volcanic force. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*The closest potentially habitable planet ever found is Wolf 1061c. Photo Credit: NASA-Images\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*7. Wolf 1061c is tidally locked and has one side in permanent sunlight, and the other stuck in darkness. <\/span><\/h2>\n
The newly discovered planet, Wolf 1061c, sits alongside two other worlds. It is one of the nearest stars to the sun. It is said to be rocky, similar to Mars. Wolf 1061c has a mass that is slightly over four times the mass of Eart<\/a>h and orbits its star every 18 days. Wolf 1061c is too hot for life, but the Wolf 1061c star is much cooler than our sun. Due to the planet being tidally locked, one side will always be facing the star. This positioning changes the circumstances on the surface of the planet substantially. It leads to one extremely hot side and one very cold side. Scientists have discovered that the hot side’s heat is circulating to the cold side due to the high winds that travel between them. In between those two extreme sides is a narrow band with a surprisingly pleasant climate.<\/span><\/p>\n
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This artist’s concept illustrates a young, red dwarf star “Wolf 1061c” surrounded by three planets. Photo Credit: Wikimedia Commons<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Of all the alien worlds, Wolf 1061c is the only one that is potentially habitable. When scientists are searching for planets that could sustain life, they are essentially looking for a planet with nearly identical properties to Earth. <\/span>In short, the conditions would have to be just right. The planet cannot be too far or too close to its parent star. If it is too close, it would be too hot. If it is too far away, then it may be too cold, and water would freeze. Wolf 1061c’s orbit changes at a much faster rate, which means that the climate there could be quite chaotic. It could cause the frequency of the planet freezing over or heating up to be quite severe.<\/p>\n
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*When astronomers first discovered Jupiter, they also quickly noticed a reddish spot on the giant planet. Photo Credit: Janez Volmajer\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*6. Jupiter is a stormy planet that is best known for its Great Red Spot. <\/span><\/h2>\n
The Great Red Spot<\/a> has been present in Jupiter’s atmosphere for more than 300 years. It is now known that the Great Red Spot is a storm that is spinning like a cyclone. Unlike a low-pressure hurricane, the Red Spot rotates in a counterclockwise direction in the southern hemisphere, showing a high-pressure system. The winds inside this storm reach speeds of 270 miles per hour. <\/span>The Red Spot is the largest known storm in the solar system. It is almost twice the size of the entire Earth. The long lifetime of the Red Spot is likely because Jupiter is a mainly gaseous planet. It possibly has liquid layers but lacks a solid surface, which would dissipate the storm’s energy. However, the Red Spot does change its shape, size, and color, sometimes dramatically.<\/p>\n
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Jupiter’s Great Red Spot. Photo Credit: NASA\/SwRI\/MSSS\/Gerald Eichstädt\/Seán Doran<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Like Earth, Jupiter’s storms tend to form closer to the equator and then drift toward the poles. Since Jupiter has no land, there is much less friction because there is nothing to rub against. There’s just more gas underneath the clouds. Jupiter also has heat leftover from its formation comparable to the heat it gets from the sun. The temperature difference between its equator and its poles are not as great as on Earth. A geometric arrangement of storms would form if the storms were surrounded by a ring of winds turning in the opposite direction from the spinning storms. The presence of these anticyclonic rings causes the storms to repel each other rather than merge. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*Like Earth’s seas, the icy moon’s subsurface ocean, Europa, contains sodium chloride. Photo Credit: Jurik Peter\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*5. One of Jupiter’s moons, Europa, has been said to have a saltwater ocean.<\/span><\/h2>\n
Researchers have identified that sodium chloride, the stuff in table salt, exists on Europa’s surface. Europa’s surface is covered in a 62-mile saltwater<\/a> ocean enclosed in a layer of ice. Since the exterior is essentially formed with frozen seawater, the discovery suggests that Europa’s hidden sea is drenched in table salt. That is an essential piece in understanding the possibilities for life in the alien world. To analyze Europa’s composition, astronomers study the light emanating from its surface, splitting into a rainbow-like spectrum. However, as you already know, ordinary table salt is white and gives off a featureless spectrum. For years, astronomers have also argued that another type of salt, magnesium sulfate, was present on Europa’s surface. Europa’s seas could ultimately prove to be too salty for life as we know it to exist there.<\/span><\/p>\n
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3D illustration of Europa satellite Jupiter. Photo Credit: Whitelion61\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
A more equitable mixture of water and salt could allow life to thrive there, especially if the ocean is as active as our own. The water gets pulled into the seafloor around the hydrothermal vents. Then, it is jettisoned back out from the vents themselves on Earth. In the process, magnesium is captured within the rocks, whereas sodium and chlorine escape. Europa’s table-salt surface could suggest that the moon’s seawater is cycled similarly and even point towards hydrothermal vents. If this is true and an accurate representation of the ocean’s composition, then Europa’s ocean would be more similar to what we see on Earth. However, scientists could not quite say what the quantities of salt are beneath the ice. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*The planet Draugr, also known as part of PSR B1257+12, orbits a pulsar. Photo Credit: Krissanapong Wongsawarng\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*4. Auroras from neutron stars are created on planets, including Draugr. <\/span><\/h2>\n
PSR 1257+12 was first discovered in 1992. It is a pulsar that is located 2,300 lightyears away from the sun. The pulsar contains a planetary system with three known extrasolar planets. The planet Draugr<\/a> gets its name from a monstrous undead creature from mythology. It is one of three small, rocky planets. When a massive star explodes, its core forms a neutron star, an Earth-sized object with ridiculously high density. However, scientists don’t expect planets around giant stars to sustain stellar explosions. Nor do they expect them to keep orbiting the newly formed neutron stars. However, three worlds are doing just that around the neutron star, PSR B1257+12.<\/span><\/p>\n
$\"PSR$
Artist’s impression of the planets orbiting PSR B1257+12. Photo Credit: Wikipedia<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
The neutron stars emit a lot of harmful radiation, including x-rays and gamma rays severely damaging to life on Earth. The three planets going around the neutron star, Ergo, are consistently bathed in radiation. The planets are considered to be as lifeless as planets can be. Planets that are around neutron stars might be a pretty sight from a distance. The neutron star’s radiation can create dazzling auroras on the worlds, similar to Earth and Jupiter. The discovery of planets around a pulsar was unexpected, considering that a pulsar could host planetary companions. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*Venus is the second planet from the sun and is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. Photo Credit: NASA images\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*3. Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system, although it is not the closest planet to the sun. <\/span><\/h2>\n
The interior of Venus is made of a metallic iron core that is roughly 2,400 miles wide. Its molten rocky mantle is approximately 1,200 miles thick. Although Venus is not the planet closest to the sun, its dense atmosphere traps heat in a runaway version of the greenhouse effect that warms Earth. As a result, temperatures on Venus reach 880 degrees Fahrenheit<\/a>, which is more than hot enough to melt lead. Any spacecraft that has<\/span> landed on the planet only lasted a few hours before being destroyed. Venus’s atmosphere consists mainly of carbon dioxide with clouds of sulfuric acid and only trace amounts of water.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Hot lava flows on Venus. Photo Credit: Jurik Peter\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
The surface of Venus is arid. Ultraviolet rays from the sun evaporate water quickly, keeping the planet in a prolonged molten state. There is no liquid water on its surface today because the scorching heat created by its ozone-filled atmosphere would cause the water just to boil away. Venus is brighter than any other planet or even any star in the night sky because of its highly reflective clouds and closeness to our planet. However, Venus takes 243 Earth days to rotate on its axis, which is the slowest of any major planets. Unusual stripes in the upper clouds of Venus are referred to as ultraviolet absorbers because they strongly absorb light in the blue and ultraviolet wavelengths. They are soaking up a tremendous amount of energy. Roughly two-thirds of Venus’s surface is covered by flat, smooth plains marred by thousands of volcanoes. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*You might be shocked to learn that vast amounts of water ice have been spotted on Mars. Photo Credit: Flashinmirror\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*2. Scientists have found a layered mix of ice and sand that represents the last traces of long-lost polar ice caps on Mars.<\/span><\/h2>\n
Remnants of ancient ice sheets have been found buried a mile beneath Mars’ North Pole<\/a>. The team found layers of sand and ice that were as much as 90 percent water in some places. If melted, the newly discovered ice would be equal to a global layer of water around Mars that is at least five feet deep, which could be one of the largest water reservoirs on the planet. The layers of ice is a record of past climate on Mars in much the same way that tree rings are a record of past climate on Earth. They suspect the layers formed when ice accumulated at the poles during past ice ages on Mars.<\/span><\/p>\n
$\"Mars'$
Mars’ polar ice cap. Photo Credit: NASA\/JPL-Caltech\/MSSS<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Each time the planet warmed, a remnant of the ice caps became covered by sand, which protected the ice from solar radiation and prevented it from dissipating into the atmosphere. Shockingly, the total volume of water locked up in these buried polar deposits is roughly the same as all the water known to exist in glaciers and buried ice layers at lower latitudes on Mars. Studying this unique weather pattern and record of past polar glaciation could help determine whether Mars was ever habitable. Understanding how much water was available globally versus what is trapped in the poles is vital if you’re going to have liquid water on Mars. There can be all the right conditions for life, but if most of the water is locked up at the poles, it becomes challenging to have suitable amounts of liquid near the equator. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*Photos of Saturn have depicted a swirling combination of green, blue, and purple clouds. Photo Credit: Dima Zel\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*1. Saturn has a unique weather pattern of psychedelic clouds that are driven by internal heating. <\/span><\/h2>\n
Saturn rotates extremely fast but takes a little over 29 years to make one revolution around the sun. It is hard to determine the number of moons revolving around Saturn because it is difficult to distinguish between tiny moons and the numerous ice chunks composing Saturn’s smaller ringlets. As one of the four gas giants, Saturn’s atmosphere is similar to that of Jupiter’s. The atmosphere is mostly composed of hydrogen with lesser amounts of helium and even smaller methane and ammonia quantities.<\/span><\/p>\n
$\"Death$
*Artist’s illustration of NASA’s Cassini spacecraft plummeting through Saturn’s atmosphere on Sept. 15, 2017. Photo Credit: NASA<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*Discovered by Voyage in 1981<\/a>, the cloud pattern at Saturn’s north pole continues to amaze scientists. The lower-altitude hexagon may influence what happens above. Saturn’s cloud levels host the majority of the planet’s weather, including the pre-existing north polar hexagon. Scientists have identified that the points of the hexagon rotate around its center at almost the same rate Saturn rotates on its axis. Besides, a jet stream air current flows eastward at up to 220 miles per hour. Roughly seven years ago, an image of the storm was taken to demonstrate its unusual composition. Nothing like the hexagon has been seen in any other world. It is about 20,000 miles wide and approximately 60 miles down into Saturn’s atmosphere. <\/span><\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Seven of the eight planets in the solar system are circled by atmospheres. They also…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":36498,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[120],"tags":[48,7438,7433,7436,7434,7435,148,7439,7437,7429,7431,7430,7432,146],"class_list":["post-32200","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-space","tag-climate-change","tag-climate-in-outer-space","tag-climate-on-different-planets","tag-climate-on-jupiter","tag-climate-on-mars","tag-climate-on-venus","tag-extreme-weather","tag-extreme-weather-patterns","tag-weather-in-outer-space","tag-weather-on-different-planets","tag-weather-on-jupiter","tag-weather-on-mars","tag-weather-on-venus","tag-weather-patterns"],"lang":"en","translations":{"en":32200},"pll_sync_post":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dev.sciencesensei.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32200","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dev.sciencesensei.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dev.sciencesensei.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dev.sciencesensei.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dev.sciencesensei.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32200"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/dev.sciencesensei.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32200\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":89218,"href":"https:\/\/dev.sciencesensei.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32200\/revisions\/89218"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dev.sciencesensei.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/36498"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dev.sciencesensei.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32200"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dev.sciencesensei.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32200"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dev.sciencesensei.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=32200"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

The most familiar weather in the solar system is on Saturn’s largest moon, Titan. Photo Credit: Dotted Yeti\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
20. Titan experiences seasons, has clouds that rain, and has an atmosphere composed mainly of nitrogen, just like ours. <\/span><\/h2>\n
Titan is Saturn’s largest moon<\/a> and the second-largest moon in the solar system after Jupiter’s moon Ganymede. It is one of the most unique moons in the solar system. Titan is covered in thick, hazy clouds. Saturn’s largest moon’s dense atmosphere is home to many lakes, rivers, and even glaciers. You might be surprised to learn that similar to places on Earth, it also rains and snows on Titan. However, it is crucial to recognize that while the weather and even climate have similarities to Earth, they couldn’t be more different. On Earth, rain and snow are primarily composed of water.<\/span><\/p>\n
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3D animation of Saturn and its moon Titan rotating in dark outer space. Photo Credit: Frame Stock Footage\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Titan is significantly different in that the mixture is mostly made up of methane. Also mixed in are a little ethane and propane. This methane cycle on Titan falls from the clouds straight into the lakes, rivers, and seas. While we have methane on Earth, it is in gas form rather than a liquid state. On Titan, to freeze the methane out of the clouds, it must be colder than -296.5 degrees Fahrenheit. This extreme weather pattern makes Titan look a little less vacation-friendly. You may also be shocked to learn that hundreds of times more natural gas and hydrocarbon fuel on Titan than on the entire Earth. <\/span><\/p>\n
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Mars has a pattern of seasons that are incredibly similar to those on Earth. However, the surface pressure of Mars is over one hundred times lower. Photo Credit: Anterovium\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
19. Mars’ famous dust storms can last for months.<\/span><\/h2>\n
The understanding of Mars’s atmosphere remains a mystery. However, there is plenty of bizarre weather that occurs on the planet. Mars is farther from the Sun than Earth is, and the air on Mars is extremely thin. In the daytime, summer temperatures only get up to about 80 degrees Fahrenheit. The temperature at night can drop to almost negative 200 degrees Fahrenheit. The cause of this drastic swing from warm to cold is that the air on Mars is mostly made up of carbon dioxide.<\/span><\/p>\n
$\"\"$
*This artist’s concept illustrates a Martian dust storm, which might also crackle with electricity. Photo Credit: NASA<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*In comparison to Earth, the air on Mars is extremely thin. In fact, it is so thin that the heat from the daytime Sun escapes into space at night. Also, the thin air can kick up a huge dust storm. The massive dust storms can encompass the entire planet over a few days. Despite many hopes of astronomers in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Mars is not an inhabitable planet. The dust storms<\/a> have been known to last for weeks or months. Smaller wind patterns also work to kick up dust devils, also known as desert tornadoes. Mars also has poles that are covered in ice caps, which creates intense snowstorms. While the snow on Earth is made of frozen water, the snow on Mars is made from frozen carbon dioxide, also referred to as dry ice. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*Uranus contains clouds of methane ice in their cold atmosphere. It is unique in that Uranus lies almost entirely on its side. Photo Credit: buradaki\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*18. Uranus’s unique rotating axis creates an unusual pattern of seasons over its long year. <\/span><\/h2>\n
As the coldest planet in the solar system, Uranus reaches temperatures of -371 degrees Fahrenheit. That is partially due to its severe tilt with its north pole facing the sun. While the north pole faces the sun, the other pole is in an extended period of darkness. Uranus might appear like a planet with minimal activity on the outside, but it has an extreme weather system in reality. A telescope from Earth has spotted massive hurricanes brewing on Uranus. Due to its extreme tilt<\/a>, seasonal variations are intense when the planet’s dark side comes out of its 40 plus year slumber. The frozen atmosphere heats up dramatically, causing violent storms.<\/span><\/p>\n
$\"Uranus$
Uranus planet and rising sun in space. Photo Credit: 42videography\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Interestingly, Uranus is still warmer at its equator than the poles, even though the poles receive direct sunlight with a low sun angle. Unlike other gas planets, Uranus does not radiate more heat than it gets. That indicates the world may have a cold interior due to its lack of an internal heat source. In the summer and winter, parts of the planet see nothing but daytime or nighttime for the whole season, approximately 21 years. In the spring and fall, Uranus goes through the full day-to-night cycle every 17 hours. The planet’s tilt has long been questioned. However, scientists theorize that it occurred due to a massive collision. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*One of the most fascinating features of Venus is how slowly it rotates. It takes Venus 243 Earth days to turn once. Photo Credit: Dotted Yeti\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*17. The rain on Venus is almost entirely sulfuric acid.<\/span><\/h2>\n
The sulfuric acid<\/a> on Venus is extremely corrosive. Venus holds the record for the hottest surface in comparison to all other planets. That is due to its super-thick atmosphere that is composed mostly of carbon dioxide. The thick atmosphere and clouds of sulfuric acid act as a greenhouse and trap more of the sun’s radiation, allowing it to reach incredibly high temperatures. The clouds on Venus are about the same pressure and temperature as those on Earth but are largely made from concentrated sulfuric acid. The extreme sulfuric rain weather pattern is so intense that it can erode items almost instantly and produce severe flesh burns in an instant.<\/span><\/p>\n
$\"2012$
SDO satellite captures an ultra-high definition image of the Transit of Venus across the face of the sun on June 5, 2012, from space. Photo Credit: SDO\/NASA<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
There is minimal water in the atmosphere because the surface temperature is so high that the rain evaporates before hitting the ground. If Venus ever had oceans, they would have long since evaporated. No evidence remains on the surface. It is now covered with lava flows and huge faults and fractures. The east and west winds at the height of the clouds on Venus rotate once around the planet roughly every four days. The super-rotation phenomenon is best explained by complicated interactions with wave-like features feeding momentum into the large super-rotating jet. The runaway greenhouse effect means that temperatures are over 460 degrees Celsius, which is hot enough to melt lead. <\/span><\/p>\n
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Decades ago, scientists theorized that there might be life living in an ocean beneath the icy surface of Jupiter’s moon, Europa. Photo Credit: Jurik Peter\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
16. Jupiter’s moon, Europa, has a surface that is mostly water ice. <\/span><\/h2>\n
While it is known that the surface of Europa is made of mostly ice, they also have strong evidence to suggest that there is an ocean of liquid water or slushy ice<\/a> beneath the icy crust. The ground-based telescopes on Earth, along with a spacecraft and space telescope, have enhanced their confidence for a Europan ocean. Scientists believe that Europa’s ice shell is between 10 and 15 miles thick and floating on a sea 40 to 100 miles deep. Although Europa is only a quarter of Earth’s diameter, its ocean may contain twice as much water as all of Earth’s oceans combined. The vast and deep sea is thought to be one of the most promising places to look for life beyond Earth.<\/span><\/p>\n
$\"Water$
An illustration of salty ocean water spraying from the icy crust of Jupiter’s moon Europa. Photo Credit: NASA<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
As recently as last year, a research team led by NASA communicated that they had detected water vapor for the first time about Europa’s surface. Long, linear fractures crisscross Europa’s water and ice surface. Based on a small number of visible craters, the moon’s surface appears to be no more than 40 to 90 million years old. While that may seem extremely old, it is relatively youthful in geologic terms. Along the many fractures is a reddish-brown material containing salts and sulfur compounds mixed with water ice and modified by radiation. Europa orbits Jupiter every three-and-a-half days and is locked by gravity to Jupiter. Although the moon is covered in ice, Europa has mild seasons in comparison to other planets.<\/span><\/p>\n
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*There is a giant, blue marble alien planet that is 63 lightyears away from Earth. Photo Credit: NASA images\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*15. The blue color of this “blue alien planet” likely comes from molten glass rain. <\/span><\/h2>\n
The super-hot glass rain is just one of the consequences of the closeness between the gas giant alien planet and its sun. The proximity causes daytime temperatures to rise as high as 1,700 degrees Fahrenheit. The blue alien planet, also referred to as HD189733b, has an outer atmosphere that is far larger than one might expect. Although the blue color can appear unique and intriguing, this planet is anything but that. According to NASA, the blue gas giant has a terrible wind that is seven times the speed of sound. The wind speeds can blow up to 5,400 miles per hour and whip potential travelers in a sickening spiral around the planet.<\/span><\/p>\n
$\"\"$
This illustration shows HD 189733b, a huge gas giant that orbits very close to its host star HD 189733. The planet’s atmosphere is scorching with a temperature of over 1000 degrees Celsius, and it rains glass, sideways, in howling 7000 kilometer-per-hour winds. Image released July 11, 2013. Photo Credit: NASA, ESA\/M. Kornmesser<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
The alien world rains glass<\/a> sideways in the howling winds. This terrifying experience would cut anything in its path. Earth appears blue because the oceans absorb red and green wavelengths more strongly than the blue ones. In turn, it reflects the blue hues of the sky. The cobalt blue color doesn’t come from the reflection of a tropical ocean. Instead, it comes from a hazy, blow-torched atmosphere that contains high clouds laced with silicate particles, which scatter blue light. It presented a favorable case for these kinds of measurements as it belongs to a class of planets known as hot Jupiters. This group of massive planets is similar in size to the gas giants in the Solar System, but instead, lie close to their parent stars. <\/span><\/p>\n
$\"\"$
Despite its significant size, Jupiter rotates quite quickly. Each day is less than 10 hours long and is home to a variety of jets and vortices. Photo Credit: berni0004\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
14. Jupiter’s east and west jets have created the planet’s banded appearance. <\/span><\/h2>\n
Wind speeds on Jupiter can reach incredible speeds, with the swirling clouds giving the planet its beautiful appearance. The high, white clouds consist of ammonia crystals, while the darker ones are water-ice clouds that are deeper. Covered by various chemicals, the clouds are brought up from the deeper atmosphere and react with the sunlight. A combination of white and colored spots appears within the jet pattern. The result is storms that can persist for many years. The banded structure created from the jet streams breaks down near the poles, where the impeccable pattern of vortices has recently been revealed by NASA spacecraft. Whereas the jet streams on Earth can vary with only one or two, on average, in each hemisphere, Jupiter can have at least 30. Reaching speeds up to 300 miles per hour, the 30 jet streams rip across the planet in opposite directions.<\/span><\/p>\n
$\"\"$
This view of Jupiter’s atmosphere from NASA’s Juno spacecraft includes something remarkable: two storms caught in the act of merging. Photo Credit: NASA\/JPL-Caltech\/SwRI\/MSSSImage<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Jupiter also rotates differentially, meaning that the equator moves at a different speed compared to the poles. The planet’s jet streams<\/a> can reach approximately 3,000 km down. The differentially rotating jet-stream layer contains about one percent of the planet’s total mass. <\/span>Below the jet stream layer, the world appears to turn more like a solid ball. Jupiter’s weather layer, which is the part where sunlight is absorbed and clouds form, is only about 100 km deep. However, the atmospheric flows below the familiar light zones, and the dark belts go 30 times deeper. That supports the long-standing theory that Jupiter’s interior contains jet streams that form a series of nested cylinders. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*Neptune is the eighth and farthest planet from the sun. Photo Credit: Dotted Yeti\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*13. Neptune has the strongest winds in the solar system, with speeds exceeding 1,100 miles per hour.<\/span><\/h2>\n
Details from NASA’s Voyager 2 spacecraft made the first and only close-up observations of Neptune. The detailed images showed bright, white clouds and two storms that were ravaging the planet’s atmosphere. Neptune is a gas giant that is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. Methane gas makes up only one or two percent of the atmosphere. On Earth, the sun’s energy is what drives the winds. However, Neptune is about 30 times farther away from the sun than we are. The gap between Neptune and its parent star is a shocking two billion miles wide. With that information, you might assume that the planet should have weak or nonexistent winds. However, the opposite is that reality reflects on the mysterious composition of this truly alien planet.<\/span><\/p>\n
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*Jet streams on the planet Neptune. Credit: Yohai Kaspi\/Weizmann Institute of Science\/NASA<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*The significant components of Neptune are heavier elements. Beneath a sparse outer layer of helium, hydrogen, and methane, Neptune has a thick mantle. This layer is loaded with slushy ice and a combination of ammonia and methane. Neptune, similar to Jupiter and Saturn, emits more energy than it receives from the sun. Even with that taken into consideration, Neptune is considered the solar system’s coldest planet. In addition to its incredible winds<\/a>, Neptune is home to many storms that appear in darker regions. The storms, such as the Great Dark Spot, can grow larger than planet Earth. They can also last years to a decade. <\/span><\/p>\n
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Dust storms on Mars can cover the entire planet. The smaller wind patterns can also kick up what is referred to as dust devils or desert tornadoes. Photo Credit: Jurik Peter\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
12. Massive dust tornadoes can quickly take over the entire planet of Mars. <\/span><\/h2>\n
Dust devils on Mars<\/a> form in the same way that they do in deserts on Earth. You need intense surface heating so that the ground can get hotter than the air above it. The heated, less dense air close to the ground rises and punches the layer of cooler, dense air above. The result is rising plumes of hot air and falling plumes of cool air that circulate vertically in convection cells. If a horizontal wind gust happens to blow through, the convection cells are then turned on their sides and begin spinning horizontally. That forms vertical columns and starts a dust devil. The hot air that rises through the center of the column powers over the whirling air fast enough to pick up sand. The sand that lays on the ground then dislodges the flour-fine dust, and the column of hot air rising transmits that dust all around.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Dust tornadoes on Mars can cover the entire planet. The smaller wind patterns can also kick up what is referred to as dust devils or desert tornadoes. Photo Credit: Jurik Peter\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Once the horizontal winds begin pushing the dust devil across the ground, you will want to watch out! Actual dust devils have been photographed from orbit. The dust devils gain their charge from grains of sand and dust rubbing together in the whirlwind. When specific materials rub together, one material gives up some of its electrons to the other material. Since the rising central column of hot air that powers the dust devil carries the negatively-charged dust upward and leaves the heavier positively-charged sand swirling near the base, the charges get separated, creating an electric field. The dust devils are so large that they have been said to be responsible for throwing so much dust into the Martian atmosphere that it might be carrying negative charges high up into the atmosphere as well. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*Although Venus’s surface is similar to that of a red-hot furnace, snow has been discovered on the planet. Photo Credit: MattL_Images\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*11. Scientists have discovered a cold region on Venus that can turn carbon dioxide into ice or snow.<\/span><\/h2>\n
The surface of Venus can get extremely hot. However, the conditions at an extremely high altitude have different climates and weather patterns. There has been revealed to be a very frigid layer that has a temperature of negative 283 degrees Fahrenheit. The unexpected cold layer is far colder than any part of Earth’s atmosphere, even though Venus is much closer to the sun. The discovery was uncovered by studying light from the sun as it passed through the atmosphere, revealing the concentration of carbon dioxide gas molecules at various altitudes along the terminator. The terminator is the dividing line between the night and day sides of the planet. With their extensive knowledge about the concentration of carbon dioxide and information on atmospheric pressure at each height, scientists could calculate the corresponding temperatures.<\/span><\/p>\n
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*The cloudy surface of planet Venus. Photo Credit: Aphelleon\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*Since the temperatures at some of the heights go below the freezing temperatures of carbon dioxide, which is the main constituent of the atmosphere, carbon dioxide ice might form<\/a>. <\/span>The formation of carbon dioxide ice could result in the construction of clouds of ice or snow particles. The information also showed that the cold layer above the terminator is situated between two warm layers. The temperature profiles on the day and night sides are incredibly different, but because the terminator is caught in the middle, it is impacted by both sides. The night side might play a more significant role at one altitude and the dayside at other altitudes. This situation is unique to Venus. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*Mars can be viewed as a harsh, cold world. The temperature on Mars is much colder than on Earth. Photo Credit: Jurik Peter\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*10. Mars is a small, barren planet with a thin atmosphere composed of 95 percent carbon dioxide. <\/span><\/h2>\n
The atmosphere on Mars is 100 times thinner than Earth’s<\/a>. Without a thermal blanket, Mars is unable to retain any heat energy. On average, the temperature on Mars is roughly negative 80 degrees Fahrenheit. In the winter, the temperatures can get down to minus 195 degrees Fahrenheit near the poles. However, on a summer day, the temperatures might get up to 70 degrees Fahrenheit. At night, the temperature can drop down to a shocking minus 100 degrees Fahrenheit. <\/span>Frost forms on the rocks at night. However, as dawn approaches and the air gets warmer, the frost turns to vapor. There is a shocking 100 percent humidity until it evaporates.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Mars’ surface atmosphere. Photo Credit: Stockbym\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
The high humidity can make Mars more habitable if the water condenses to form short-term puddles in the early morning hours. The moisture levels of Mars is tied to temperature fluctuations. At night the relative humidity levels can rise to 80 to 100 percent, with the air sometimes reaching atmospheric saturation. However, the daytime air is far drier due to the water temperatures. <\/span>Similar to Earth, Mars has four seasons because the planet tilts on its axis. The seasons do vary in length because of the planet’s orbit around the sun. In the northern hemisphere, spring is the longest season at seven months. Summer and fall are both around six months, and winter is a mere four months long. During a Martian summer, the polar ice cap, composed mainly of carbon dioxide ice, shrinks and may disappear altogether. When winter comes, the ice cap grows back. There may even be some liquid water trapped beneath the carbon dioxide ice sheets. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*Corot-7b is a rocky planet that is significantly different from Earth. Photo Credit: Johan Swanepoel\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*9. Corot-7b is hot enough to melt rock and pebbles rain into the lakes of molten lava below.<\/span><\/h2>\n
The unusual rocky world was the first planet that was found orbiting around the start Corot-7. The Corot-7b is less than twice the size of Earth and only five times its mass. This object’s only atmosphere is produced from vapor from hot molten silicates in a lava lake or lava ocean. The star-facing side has a temperature of about 4,220 degrees Fahrenheit. That’s hot enough to vaporize rocks<\/a>. The global average temperature of Earth is only 59 degrees Fahrenheit. <\/span>The side in perpetual shadow is incredibly chilly at negative 369 degrees Fahrenheit.<\/span><\/p>\n
$\"\"$
Artist’s impression of CoRoT-7b. Photo Credit: L. Calçada\/ESO<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Sodium, potassium, silicon monoxide, and oxygen make up most of the atmosphere. However, there are also smaller amounts of other elements found in silicate rock. That includes magnesium, aluminum, calcium, and iron. Oxygen is the most abundant element in stone, but you end up producing more oxygen when you vaporize rock. <\/span>The peculiar atmosphere has its singular weather. As you go higher, the atmosphere gets cooler. Eventually, you will become saturated with different rock types in the same way you get saturated with water in Earth’s atmosphere. However, instead of a water cloud forming and then raining water droplets, there is a rock cloud that forms, and it starts to rain little pebbles of different types of rock. Even more interestingly, the kind of rock condensing out of the cloud depends on the altitude. <\/span><\/p>\n
$\"\"$
*Triton is a moon slightly smaller than Earth’s moon. It has been said to be geologically active. Photo Credit: Dotted Yeti\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*8. Triton, Neptune’s bizarre moon, have active ice volcanoes that spew frozen nitrogen and methane.<\/span><\/h2>\n
Triton’s surface<\/a> is full of large and small volcanos that regularly erupt in the solar system. Triton’s icy surface’s first detailed images said that cryogenic volcanism, which occurs at super cold temperatures, is the most reasonable explanation for the dark plumes. The active ice volcanoes are said to be as high as 20 miles. The discovery of the ice volcanoes is shocking because Triton was believed to be a dead moon. Triton is so cold that its volcanic activity is driven by fluid ice and compounds such as nitrogen, changing from a solid to a liquid to a gas. The moon’s volcanism is exceptionally similar to that on Earth except that it is icy.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Artistic rendering of Ice volcanoes on Triton. Photo Credit: SciencePhoto\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
The volcanoes on Triton appear to be a gentler version of the volcanoes on Earth. The frozen nitrogen and methane that spew out of Triton’s volcanoes are caught in the moon’s light winds and are gently deposited in a path up to 45 miles away from the vents – which can be up to two miles in diameter. The gas quickly refreezes as crystals that likely form a mushroom cloud that is caught in Triton’s thin atmosphere and deposited downwind. The atmospheric haze that the spacecraft discovered above Triton may have been produced by volcanic eruptions. The driving force behind Triton’s volcanoes appears to be nitrogen. If the temperature below the surface of Triton warms up by less than 20 degrees, the liquid nitrogen explodes into a gas that erupts through the surface with volcanic force. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*The closest potentially habitable planet ever found is Wolf 1061c. Photo Credit: NASA-Images\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*7. Wolf 1061c is tidally locked and has one side in permanent sunlight, and the other stuck in darkness. <\/span><\/h2>\n
The newly discovered planet, Wolf 1061c, sits alongside two other worlds. It is one of the nearest stars to the sun. It is said to be rocky, similar to Mars. Wolf 1061c has a mass that is slightly over four times the mass of Eart<\/a>h and orbits its star every 18 days. Wolf 1061c is too hot for life, but the Wolf 1061c star is much cooler than our sun. Due to the planet being tidally locked, one side will always be facing the star. This positioning changes the circumstances on the surface of the planet substantially. It leads to one extremely hot side and one very cold side. Scientists have discovered that the hot side’s heat is circulating to the cold side due to the high winds that travel between them. In between those two extreme sides is a narrow band with a surprisingly pleasant climate.<\/span><\/p>\n
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This artist’s concept illustrates a young, red dwarf star “Wolf 1061c” surrounded by three planets. Photo Credit: Wikimedia Commons<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Of all the alien worlds, Wolf 1061c is the only one that is potentially habitable. When scientists are searching for planets that could sustain life, they are essentially looking for a planet with nearly identical properties to Earth. <\/span>In short, the conditions would have to be just right. The planet cannot be too far or too close to its parent star. If it is too close, it would be too hot. If it is too far away, then it may be too cold, and water would freeze. Wolf 1061c’s orbit changes at a much faster rate, which means that the climate there could be quite chaotic. It could cause the frequency of the planet freezing over or heating up to be quite severe.<\/p>\n
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*When astronomers first discovered Jupiter, they also quickly noticed a reddish spot on the giant planet. Photo Credit: Janez Volmajer\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*6. Jupiter is a stormy planet that is best known for its Great Red Spot. <\/span><\/h2>\n
The Great Red Spot<\/a> has been present in Jupiter’s atmosphere for more than 300 years. It is now known that the Great Red Spot is a storm that is spinning like a cyclone. Unlike a low-pressure hurricane, the Red Spot rotates in a counterclockwise direction in the southern hemisphere, showing a high-pressure system. The winds inside this storm reach speeds of 270 miles per hour. <\/span>The Red Spot is the largest known storm in the solar system. It is almost twice the size of the entire Earth. The long lifetime of the Red Spot is likely because Jupiter is a mainly gaseous planet. It possibly has liquid layers but lacks a solid surface, which would dissipate the storm’s energy. However, the Red Spot does change its shape, size, and color, sometimes dramatically.<\/p>\n
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Jupiter’s Great Red Spot. Photo Credit: NASA\/SwRI\/MSSS\/Gerald Eichstädt\/Seán Doran<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Like Earth, Jupiter’s storms tend to form closer to the equator and then drift toward the poles. Since Jupiter has no land, there is much less friction because there is nothing to rub against. There’s just more gas underneath the clouds. Jupiter also has heat leftover from its formation comparable to the heat it gets from the sun. The temperature difference between its equator and its poles are not as great as on Earth. A geometric arrangement of storms would form if the storms were surrounded by a ring of winds turning in the opposite direction from the spinning storms. The presence of these anticyclonic rings causes the storms to repel each other rather than merge. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*Like Earth’s seas, the icy moon’s subsurface ocean, Europa, contains sodium chloride. Photo Credit: Jurik Peter\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*5. One of Jupiter’s moons, Europa, has been said to have a saltwater ocean.<\/span><\/h2>\n
Researchers have identified that sodium chloride, the stuff in table salt, exists on Europa’s surface. Europa’s surface is covered in a 62-mile saltwater<\/a> ocean enclosed in a layer of ice. Since the exterior is essentially formed with frozen seawater, the discovery suggests that Europa’s hidden sea is drenched in table salt. That is an essential piece in understanding the possibilities for life in the alien world. To analyze Europa’s composition, astronomers study the light emanating from its surface, splitting into a rainbow-like spectrum. However, as you already know, ordinary table salt is white and gives off a featureless spectrum. For years, astronomers have also argued that another type of salt, magnesium sulfate, was present on Europa’s surface. Europa’s seas could ultimately prove to be too salty for life as we know it to exist there.<\/span><\/p>\n
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3D illustration of Europa satellite Jupiter. Photo Credit: Whitelion61\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
A more equitable mixture of water and salt could allow life to thrive there, especially if the ocean is as active as our own. The water gets pulled into the seafloor around the hydrothermal vents. Then, it is jettisoned back out from the vents themselves on Earth. In the process, magnesium is captured within the rocks, whereas sodium and chlorine escape. Europa’s table-salt surface could suggest that the moon’s seawater is cycled similarly and even point towards hydrothermal vents. If this is true and an accurate representation of the ocean’s composition, then Europa’s ocean would be more similar to what we see on Earth. However, scientists could not quite say what the quantities of salt are beneath the ice. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*The planet Draugr, also known as part of PSR B1257+12, orbits a pulsar. Photo Credit: Krissanapong Wongsawarng\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*4. Auroras from neutron stars are created on planets, including Draugr. <\/span><\/h2>\n
PSR 1257+12 was first discovered in 1992. It is a pulsar that is located 2,300 lightyears away from the sun. The pulsar contains a planetary system with three known extrasolar planets. The planet Draugr<\/a> gets its name from a monstrous undead creature from mythology. It is one of three small, rocky planets. When a massive star explodes, its core forms a neutron star, an Earth-sized object with ridiculously high density. However, scientists don’t expect planets around giant stars to sustain stellar explosions. Nor do they expect them to keep orbiting the newly formed neutron stars. However, three worlds are doing just that around the neutron star, PSR B1257+12.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Artist’s impression of the planets orbiting PSR B1257+12. Photo Credit: Wikipedia<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
The neutron stars emit a lot of harmful radiation, including x-rays and gamma rays severely damaging to life on Earth. The three planets going around the neutron star, Ergo, are consistently bathed in radiation. The planets are considered to be as lifeless as planets can be. Planets that are around neutron stars might be a pretty sight from a distance. The neutron star’s radiation can create dazzling auroras on the worlds, similar to Earth and Jupiter. The discovery of planets around a pulsar was unexpected, considering that a pulsar could host planetary companions. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*Venus is the second planet from the sun and is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. Photo Credit: NASA images\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*3. Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system, although it is not the closest planet to the sun. <\/span><\/h2>\n
The interior of Venus is made of a metallic iron core that is roughly 2,400 miles wide. Its molten rocky mantle is approximately 1,200 miles thick. Although Venus is not the planet closest to the sun, its dense atmosphere traps heat in a runaway version of the greenhouse effect that warms Earth. As a result, temperatures on Venus reach 880 degrees Fahrenheit<\/a>, which is more than hot enough to melt lead. Any spacecraft that has<\/span> landed on the planet only lasted a few hours before being destroyed. Venus’s atmosphere consists mainly of carbon dioxide with clouds of sulfuric acid and only trace amounts of water.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Hot lava flows on Venus. Photo Credit: Jurik Peter\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
The surface of Venus is arid. Ultraviolet rays from the sun evaporate water quickly, keeping the planet in a prolonged molten state. There is no liquid water on its surface today because the scorching heat created by its ozone-filled atmosphere would cause the water just to boil away. Venus is brighter than any other planet or even any star in the night sky because of its highly reflective clouds and closeness to our planet. However, Venus takes 243 Earth days to rotate on its axis, which is the slowest of any major planets. Unusual stripes in the upper clouds of Venus are referred to as ultraviolet absorbers because they strongly absorb light in the blue and ultraviolet wavelengths. They are soaking up a tremendous amount of energy. Roughly two-thirds of Venus’s surface is covered by flat, smooth plains marred by thousands of volcanoes. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*You might be shocked to learn that vast amounts of water ice have been spotted on Mars. Photo Credit: Flashinmirror\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*2. Scientists have found a layered mix of ice and sand that represents the last traces of long-lost polar ice caps on Mars.<\/span><\/h2>\n
Remnants of ancient ice sheets have been found buried a mile beneath Mars’ North Pole<\/a>. The team found layers of sand and ice that were as much as 90 percent water in some places. If melted, the newly discovered ice would be equal to a global layer of water around Mars that is at least five feet deep, which could be one of the largest water reservoirs on the planet. The layers of ice is a record of past climate on Mars in much the same way that tree rings are a record of past climate on Earth. They suspect the layers formed when ice accumulated at the poles during past ice ages on Mars.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Mars’ polar ice cap. Photo Credit: NASA\/JPL-Caltech\/MSSS<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Each time the planet warmed, a remnant of the ice caps became covered by sand, which protected the ice from solar radiation and prevented it from dissipating into the atmosphere. Shockingly, the total volume of water locked up in these buried polar deposits is roughly the same as all the water known to exist in glaciers and buried ice layers at lower latitudes on Mars. Studying this unique weather pattern and record of past polar glaciation could help determine whether Mars was ever habitable. Understanding how much water was available globally versus what is trapped in the poles is vital if you’re going to have liquid water on Mars. There can be all the right conditions for life, but if most of the water is locked up at the poles, it becomes challenging to have suitable amounts of liquid near the equator. <\/span><\/p>\n
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*Photos of Saturn have depicted a swirling combination of green, blue, and purple clouds. Photo Credit: Dima Zel\/Shutterstock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*1. Saturn has a unique weather pattern of psychedelic clouds that are driven by internal heating. <\/span><\/h2>\n
Saturn rotates extremely fast but takes a little over 29 years to make one revolution around the sun. It is hard to determine the number of moons revolving around Saturn because it is difficult to distinguish between tiny moons and the numerous ice chunks composing Saturn’s smaller ringlets. As one of the four gas giants, Saturn’s atmosphere is similar to that of Jupiter’s. The atmosphere is mostly composed of hydrogen with lesser amounts of helium and even smaller methane and ammonia quantities.<\/span><\/p>\n
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*Artist’s illustration of NASA’s Cassini spacecraft plummeting through Saturn’s atmosphere on Sept. 15, 2017. Photo Credit: NASA<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*Discovered by Voyage in 1981<\/a>, the cloud pattern at Saturn’s north pole continues to amaze scientists. The lower-altitude hexagon may influence what happens above. Saturn’s cloud levels host the majority of the planet’s weather, including the pre-existing north polar hexagon. Scientists have identified that the points of the hexagon rotate around its center at almost the same rate Saturn rotates on its axis. Besides, a jet stream air current flows eastward at up to 220 miles per hour. Roughly seven years ago, an image of the storm was taken to demonstrate its unusual composition. Nothing like the hexagon has been seen in any other world. It is about 20,000 miles wide and approximately 60 miles down into Saturn’s atmosphere. <\/span><\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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